Sake aji: abin da bincike ya nuna

Nawa ɗalibai ke sake aji, kuma yaya al'adar ke canzawa

A Faransa, labarin yana fitowa da farko a cikin adadin shekara-shekara. A farkon shekarar karatu ta 2025, a bangaren gwamnati, adadin sake aji ya kai 3 % a CP, shekara ta farko ta firamare, kwatanta da 2,7 % shekara guda baya. A sauran matakan firamare ya daidaita bayan hauhawar 2024 (DEPP, takardar bayani ta 25.58, Oktoba 2025). Sauyin bai daɗe ba: adadin ya kasance ƙasa sosai a tarihi a farkon 2017, ya tashi a 2018 bayan dokar Faburairu 2018, ya tsaya tsayin daka har 2023, sannan ya ƙaru ko'ina a farkon 2024, daga CP (2,7 %, ƙari 0,8 maki) zuwa CM2 (0,7 %, ƙari 0,2 maki) (DEPP, takardar bayani ta 24.41, Oktoba 2024).

Babban yanayin dogon lokaci ya fi waɗannan jujjuyawa bayyana. Adadin ɗalibai masu shekaru 15 da suka sake aji aƙalla sau ɗaya ya ragu daga kusan 40 % a 2003 zuwa 22 % a 2015 sannan zuwa 11 % a 2022, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman raguwa da OECD ta auna (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). A 2009, Faransa tana da adadi na uku mafi girma a OECD. A 2022 tana ɗan sama da matsakaici, wato 9 % (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Siffar waɗanda ke sake aji kusan ba ta canzawa. A matsakaici a OECD, ɗalibin da ba shi da galihu yana da fiye da sau uku damar sake aji fiye da ɗalibin da ke da galihu; yara maza suna sake aji fiye da yara mata, kuma ɗalibai masu asalin baƙi fiye da sauran (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). Ko da an kwatanta sakamakon karatu, waɗannan bambance-bambance suna nan: sake aji yana da alaƙa da asalin zamantakewa (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Abin da bincike ya nuna

Babban binciken meta-analysis yana haskaka muhawara. Yana tattara nazarin 22 da aka wallafa tsakanin 1990 da 2007 da ma'aunin tasiri 207: a nazarin da ba a sarrafa su sosai, sake aji yana alaƙa da sakamako ƙasa sosai (rage 0,30 standard deviation). A nazarin da aka fi gina su da kyau, waɗanda ke kwatanta ɗalibai daidai matakin farko, matsakaicin tasiri ya sauka zuwa ƙari 0,04 standard deviation, wanda ba a iya bambanta shi da sifili (Allen et al., 2009). Bambancin yana ƙaruwa da lokaci: tasirin da aka kiyasta yana raguwa da kusan 0,11 standard deviation kowace ƙarin shekarar bibiya a kwatancen mataki (Allen et al., 2009).

Nazarin kusan gwaji suna ƙara bayyana hoton. A Chicago, wani shiri ya haɗa makarantar bazara da sake aji ga ɗaliban da ke ƙasa da iyakar hawa. An auna shi kusa da wannan iyaka, ya ɗaga nasarar ɗaliban aji na uku na firamare, wanda yake daidai da CE2 na Faransa, daga 33 zuwa 41 % na matsakaicin ci gaban shekara a shekara ta farko, kafin ya yi sanyi daga shekara ta biyu (Jacob and Lefgren, 2004). Ga manyan ɗalibai, daidai da aji na shida, tasirin sifili ne bayan shekara ɗaya. Bayan shekaru biyu, marubutan sun auna ma jinkirin karatu na kusan kwata ɗaya na shekara (Jacob and Lefgren, 2004).

Bibiyar dogon lokaci a Florida ta tabbatar da tsarin. Ɗaliban da aka tsayar a ƙarshen CE2 saboda gwajin karatu na jihar sun ci gaba da farko, amma bayan shekaru shida amfanin yana ɓacewa da zarar an kwatanta da takwarorinsu na shekaru ɗaya. Yana wanzuwa kawai a kan ɗalibai na mataki ɗaya. Yiwuwar samun shaidar kammala sakandare ba ta canzawa, yayin da matsakaicin maki a ƙarshe ke ƙaruwa kuma karatun kariya ke raguwa (Schwerdt, West and Winters, 2017). OECD tana yin karatu cikin taka tsantsan: amfanin ɗan gajeren lokaci na gaske ne amma maras ƙarfi, tasirin dogon lokaci ba shi da tabbas, kuma haɗarin barin makaranta ya fi girma a wajen waɗanda ke sake aji (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Abin da kwatancen ƙasashen duniya ke nunawa

Sake aji ana yin sa da rashin daidaito sosai. A 2022, 9 % na ɗalibai masu shekaru 15 sun bayyana cewa sun sake aji aƙalla sau ɗaya, a matsakaici a OECD, kwatanta da 11 % a Faransa. Tsarin 36 suna kan 5 % ko ƙasa, kuma 14 sun wuce 20 %, ciki har da Colombia (kusan 40 %) da Maroko (kusan 46 %) (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). Faransa yanzu tana sake aji kaɗan fiye da Austria, Belgium, Jamus, Spain, Portugal ko Switzerland (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Ka'idoji suna bayyana wani ɓangare na bambance-bambancen. Hawa aji kai tsaye yana aiki a kusan 28 % na tsarin a firamare da 24 % a ƙananan sakandare, musamman a Japan, Korea, Iceland, Israel, Mexico, Norway da United Kingdom, tsarin da a ka'ida aka hana sake aji (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). Inda aka tsara shi, rabon waɗanda ke sake aji a firamare ya kai 6,7 %, kwatanta da 3,6 % a tsarin hawa aji kai tsaye da 7,6 % inda ba a iyakance shi ba (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Waɗannan alkaluma suna da iyakokinsu, waɗanda OECD da kanta ta rubuta: sun dogara ne kan bayanan ɗalibai, kuma a Japan da Norway ba a yi tambayar ba, an kafa adadin a sifili bisa yarjejeniya (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). Wani bincike na Faransa ma ya cancanci kulawa: raguwar sake aji bai zo da faɗuwar sakamakon lissafi kafin annoba ba ko kuma inganta adalcin zamantakewa, wani yanayi da OECD ta danganta da canje-canjen ka'idoji na 2013 da 2018 (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Hanyoyin da aka tabbatar: tallafi na musamman, makarantun bazara, tutoring

Shirye-shiryen da ke inganta karatu ba tare da ƙarin shekara ba an rubuta su. A Indiya, shirye-shiryen da ke tara yara bisa ainihin matakin karatunsu, ba bisa shekarunsu ba, sun samar da amfani daga 0,15 zuwa 0,70 standard deviation dangane da tsari, har ma da sigar da aka haɗa cikin makarantar gwamnati (Banerjee et al., 2016). A Faransa, OECD ta lissafa hanyoyin da ake da su a firamare da ƙananan sakandare: darussan ɗaga matakin karatu, ayyukan ilimi na ƙari da shirin aikin gida na Devoirs faits, waɗanda ya kamata a yi amfani da su kafin a yi la'akari da sake aji (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Tutoring yana nuna sakamako mafi tsayin daka. Meta-analysis na gwaje-gwajen nazari na Nickow, Oreopoulos and Quan (2020) ya kai matsakaicin tasiri na 0,37 standard deviation kan karatu, mafi ƙarfi idan malamai ko ma'aikata da aka horar su ne ke ba da tutoring, idan ana yi shi a lokacin karatu ba bayan darasi ba, da kuma a shekarun farko na karatu (Nickow, Oreopoulos and Quan, 2020).

Lokacin bazara ya kasance lokaci amfani. A Chicago, makarantar bazara ta tilas ta inganta nasarar karatu da lissafi, da tasirin da ba ya ɓacewa nan take (Jacob and Lefgren, 2004). A Faransa, darussan ɗaga matakin karatu suna ɗaukar makonni uku na hutu kuma suna mayar da hankali kan Faransanci da lissafi a ƙananan rukuni (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu). Shawarar OECD tana kan hanya ɗaya: a yi amfani da waɗannan tallafin kafin a tsayar da ɗalibin, ba bayan ba (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).

Wurare biyar na dogaro ga shugaban makaranta

A Faransa, sake aji ya kasance shawarar makaranta, wanda doka ta 2013 sannan dokar 2018 ta tsara: dole ne ya kasance na musamman kuma ya zo da shirin nasara na mutum ɗaya, wanda majalisar malamai a firamare da shugaban makaranta a ƙananan sakandare suke yanke shawara (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu, akwatin kan Faransa). Wurare biyar na dogaro, bisa alkaluman da aka ambata a wannan talifi.

• Kwatanta kafin yanke shawara: a daidai matakin farko, ingantattun nazarin ba su auna wata dorewar amfani ta sake aji (Allen et al., 2009).
• Rubuta banda: sake aji dole ne ya kasance ba kasafai ba kuma ya zo da shirin mutum ɗaya, wanda majalisar malamai ko shugaban makaranta suke yanke shawara (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).
• Sanya jari a tutoring da tallafi na musamman: 0,37 standard deviation a matsakaici ga tutoring (Nickow et al., 2020), 0,15 zuwa 0,70 standard deviation ga tara bisa mataki (Banerjee et al., 2016).
• Yi amfani da hutu: makarantar bazara ta samar da amfani a auna a Chicago (Jacob and Lefgren, 2004); a Faransa, darussan ɗaga matakin karatu suna ɗaukar makonni uku (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).
• Bibiya tasiri da adalci: amfanin sake aji yana ɓacewa cikin ƴan shekaru, kuma yiwuwar samun shaidar ba ta canzawa a bibiyar Florida (Schwerdt, West and Winters, 2017); yiwuwar sake aji ta fi sau uku girma ga ɗalibin da ba shi da galihu (OECD, PISA 2022, juzu'i na biyu).