Koyon karatu: abin da kimiyya ke cewa game da hanya

Hukunci da aka gina kan gwaje-gwaje 38

Rahoton Teaching Children to Read ya fito a watan Afrilu 2000. Game da warware kalmomi, binciken wallafe-wallafe ya duba karatu 1 373 da aka wallafa tun 1970; 38 ne suka cika ka'idojin hanyar kwamitin, wanda ya isa ya samar da kwatance 66 tsakanin kungiyoyin dalibai. Kowace kwatance tana gwada koyar da dangantakar haruffa da sautinsu cikin tsari da wata hanya (National Reading Panel, cikakken rahoto, 2000).

An wallafa sakamakon wannan bangare a 2001 a Review of Educational Research, daga Linnea Ehri, Simone Nunes, Steven Stahl da Dale Willows: matsakaicin tasiri na 0,41 standard deviation, wanda aka auna a karshen shirin (Ehri da sauransu, 2001). Standard deviation tana aiki matsayin ma'aunin kwatance tsakanin matakan shiga tsakani; kwamitin yana kiran wannan tasiri matsakaici.

Binciken guda 38 sun shafi dalibai masu kimanin shekaru 5 zuwa 12, galibi a aji na yau da kullum, da gwaje-gwaje kafin da bayan (National Reading Panel, 2000). Da yawa daga shirye-shiryen da aka yi nazari sun yadu a makarantun kasashen da ke amfani da Ingilishi, kamar Jolly Phonics ko Reading Mastery.

Abin da warware kalmomi ke yi, da abin da ba ya yi

Bayan matsakaicin 0,41, ma'aunai suna bambanta. Riba ta kai 0,67 standard deviation a kan kalmomin da suke bin ka'ida da 0,60 a kan kalmomin da ba su da ma'ana, wato jerin haruffa marasa ma'ani. Fahimta tana inganta da 0,27, karatun baki da 0,25, matakai biyu sama da sifili (National Reading Panel, 2000).

Kwamitin ya kuma nuna wata sharadi: shirye-shiryen da suka tsaya kawai kan dangantakar haruffa da sautinsu, ba tare da amfani da ita a aikace ba, suna samun karamin tasiri; karanta rubutu shi ne har yanzu manufar (National Reading Panel, 2000). A wurin manyan dalibai, ci gaban warware kalmomi ba ya tare da ingantaccen ci gaban fahimta.

A aji, wannan ya ba da matakai biyu masu alaka: bayyanannen koyar da ka'idar, da amfani da ita a cikin rubutun da dalibai ke karantawa da rubutawa.

Fara da wuri yana ninka tasirin

A kindergarten da CP, matsakaicin tasirin yana kai 0,55 standard deviation; yana faduwa zuwa 0,27 idan koyarwa ta fara ne kawai bayan CP (National Reading Panel, 2000). Rahoton ya kammala cewa yana da amfani a fara da wuri, kuma a ci gaba shekaru biyu zuwa uku.

Kwamitin ya kuma kwatanta hanyoyin bayarwa. Koyar da dalibi daya da daya yana nuna 0,57 standard deviation; koyarwa ga dukan aji tana tsayawa a 0,39. Bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan hanyoyi ba su da mahimmanci a kididdiga (National Reading Panel, 2000).

Koyarwa a aji, cikin tsari kuma an ci gaba da ita shekaru biyu zuwa uku, tana samar da tasiri kwatankwacin koyar da dalibi daya da daya (National Reading Panel, 2000). Ba a bukatar wani shiri na musamman don farawa.

Dalibai masu wahala a gaba

A cikin kwatancen da aka tsara bisa yanayin zamantakewa, tasirin ya fi girma a wurin yaran da suka fito daga yanayi mara kyau: 0,66 standard deviation, yayin da 0,44 a wurin yaran tsakiyar zamantakewa (National Reading Panel, 2000). A wurin yaran da aka gano suna da wahalar karatu, yana inganta karatun kalmomi sosai; ribar da ake samu kan aikin rubutu kadan ce.

Nazarin Burns, Duke da Cartwright, wanda aka wallafa a School Psychology a 2023, ya sake nazarin bincike 333 daga meta-analysis 26: a wurin daliban da karatu ke wahalar da su, matakan warware kalmomi suna cikin mafi girma, da matsakaicin tasiri na 0,48 kan fahimta ko sakamakon karatu. A wurin matsakaicin masu karatu, wannan tasirin ya fadu zuwa 0,19.

Shirin tallafi zai iya dogaro da wadannan lambobi: warware kalmomi cikin tsari da farko, tun daga kindergarten, ga dalibai mafi rauni.

Abin da wadannan lambobi ke canzawa a makaranta

Rahoton ya ba da shawarar a kafa koyar da warware kalmomi a kindergarten da CP, ga dukan dalibai, kuma a ci gaba da shi shekaru biyu zuwa uku (National Reading Panel, 2000).

Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci kowane shiri ya samar wa malamai da gwaje-gwaje, don gano yaran da suke bukatar karin koyarwa cikin tsari (National Reading Panel, 2000).

Watanni hudu zuwa shekara daya bayan kammala wani shiri, tasirin bibiya ya fadu zuwa 0,27, yayin da 0,51 a karshen zaman (National Reading Panel, 2000). Karatu na hakika, da ake yi bayan haka, yana rike da wadannan nasarori.

Rahoton ya kuma bar tambayoyi a bude: tsawon da ya dace na zama daya, adadin dangantakar da za a rufe cikin shekara. Wadannan shawarwari na kungiyoyin malamai ne.